All 85 signals from the shared spine. Use filters for evidence level, route and text search.
SIG_2026_TURING_DISTORTED_BELIEF_REPORT
Alan Turing Institute CETaS (27 May 2026): AI and distorted belief - from individual harm to national security risk
2026-05-27level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsEcho chamber of oneSpiritual / techno-mystical attribution
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-27. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Echo chamber of one, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: UK, global; platforms: general-purpose LLMs, AI companions.
Sources and machine tags
alan_turing_institutecetasdistorted_beliefextreme_overvalued_beliefnational_security
SIG_2026_CSM_TEEN_AI_THERAPY_APPS
Common Sense Media + Stanford Brainstorm (18 May 2026): AI mental-health apps teens - some apps are actively harmful, a safer model requires human supervision
2026-05-18level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide casesProtective and therapeutic use
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-18. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases, Protective and therapeutic use.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: Wysa, Earkick, Youper, Alongside, Sonar.
Sources and machine tags
common_sense_mediastanford_brainstormai_therapy_appsteenswysaalongsidesonaryouperearkick
SIG_2026_HUMAN_LINE_PROJECT_BBC_ABC
Human Line Project + ABC/BBC coverage (April-May 2026): self-selected ~410 - Grok/AI companion personas
2026-05-17level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSycophancy / confirmation loopsSelf-harm and suicide casesSpiritual / techno-mystical attribution
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-17. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Self-harm and suicide cases and related phenomena.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Grok, ChatGPT, Character.AI, Replika.
Sources and machine tags
human_line_projectbrissonbbcabcgrokaniadam_houricansentiencedelusional_spiral414_cases17_deathsself_selected_pool
SIG_2026_OPENAI_CONTEXT_SAFETY_SUMMARIES
OpenAI (14 May 2026): ChatGPT cross-conversation context safety summaries self-harm / harm-to-others
2026-05-14level CverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideSycophancy / confirmation loopsAI as therapist / medical adviserSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-14. coded to Sycophancy / confirmation loops, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level C (corporate narrative, industry disclosure or well-sourced non-peer-reviewed material); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
openaichatgptsafety_summariesself_harmharm_to_otherscontext
SIG_2026_NELSON_VS_OPENAI
Nelson v. OpenAI: wrongful-death lawsuit over alleged unsafe health and substance-use advice
2026-05-12level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserSelf-harm and suicide casesSycophancy / confirmation loopsMetacognition and checking atrophy
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-12. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Self-harm and suicide cases, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Metacognition and checking atrophy.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: ChatGPT, GPT-4o, ChatGPT Health.
Sources and machine tags
nelsonopenaialtmangpt_4ooverdosechatgpt_healthtjlpsmvlcyalesan_francisco_superior_courtsubstance_use_contextunsafe_health_advice
SIG_2026_FAU_TEEN_CHATBOT_SURVEY
FAU + UW-Eau Claire (May 2026): national teen survey n=3 466 - 60,2% teens tried CAI-chatbots, 49,2% users sought emotional / mental-health support
2026-05-12level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-12. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
fauuw_eau_clairehindujajournal_of_adolescenceteenssurveycompanion_chatbots
SIG_2026_PA_AG_VS_CHARACTER_AI
Pennsylvania AG vs Character.AI (5 May 2026): first lawsuit AI
2026-05-05level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-05. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Character grooming / persona capture.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Character.AI.
Sources and machine tags
pennsylvaniashapirocharacter_aiunauthorized_practice_of_medicineemiliepsychiatrist_personacommonwealth_court20m_users
SIG_2026_IPSOS_BVA_EUROPEAN_YOUTH
Ipsos BVA + CNIL + Groupe VYV (5 May 2026, n=3800): first major survey, 51% 11-25 4 '' mental health AI (37%)
2026-05-05level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSocial displacementProtective and therapeutic use
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-05-05. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Social displacement and related phenomena.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: EU.
Sources and machine tags
ipsos_bvacnilgroupe_vyveuropeanfrancegermanyswedenireland11_25emotional_support51_percentkarolinska
SIG_2026_GUARD_ACT_SENATE
GUARD Act / S.3062 (30 April 2026): Senate Judiciary Committee AI companions
2026-04-30level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmCharacter grooming / persona captureParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-04-30. coded to Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Character grooming / persona capture, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Character.AI, ChatGPT, Replika.
Sources and machine tags
guard_acts3062hawleyblumenthalsenate_judiciaryage_verificationai_companion_banminorsdisclosurecriminal_penaltyfederal
SIG_2026_RILEY_PERPLEXITY_CLL
Joe Riley / Perplexity (April 2026): family-disclosed case of fatal medical over-reliance and epistemic anchoring around an AI-generated research report
2026-04-14level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMetacognition and checking atrophyEcho chamber of one
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-04-14. coded to Metacognition and checking atrophy, Echo chamber of one.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Perplexity.
Sources and machine tags
rileyperplexitycllleukemiarichters_transformationven_obimedical_over_relianceepistemic_anchoringauthoritative_hallucinationnytben_rileyeducated_user
SIG_2026_SCIENCE_CHENG_SYCOPHANCY
Science (Cheng & Jurafsky, N=2 405): sycophantic AI 10-28%
2026-03-26level Averifiedcoupled human-model loopSycophancy / confirmation loopsEcho chamber of oneParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAb01
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2026-03-26. coded to Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Echo chamber of one, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships. with model-side tags Ab01.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global.
Sources and machine tags
sycophancyprosocialapologyaccountability11_modelschengjurafskystanfordscience
SIG_2026_WHO_PUBLIC_HEALTH_STATEMENT
WHO 20 March 2026: first, emotional support public mental health concern
2026-03-20level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserCompulsive use / conversational dependenceMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-03-20. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Compulsive use / conversational dependence and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global.
Sources and machine tags
whotu_delftddecindia_ai_summit_2026labriquepublic_healthgovernanceregulatory
SIG_2026_STANFORD_DELUSIONAL_SPIRALS_PAPER
Stanford Moore et al. (FAccT 2026, arXiv:2603.16567): first 19 human-LLM transcripts c
2026-03-19level Averifiedcoupled human-model loopAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSycophancy / confirmation loopsSelf-harm and suicide casesSpiritual / techno-mystical attributionAb01Ab05
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2026-03-19. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Self-harm and suicide cases and related phenomena. with model-side tags Ab01, Ab05.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini.
Sources and machine tags
stanfordmoorehaberdelusional_spiralsfaccT_202619_transcriptsarxivpublic_health_framing
SIG_2026_NATURE_TECHNOLOGICAL_FOLIE
Nature Mental Health (10 March 2026): technological folie à deux -LLM feedback loops
2026-03-10level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsSycophancy / confirmation loopsEcho chamber of oneSpiritual / techno-mystical attribution
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-03-10. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Echo chamber of one, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: general-purpose LLMs.
Sources and machine tags
nature_mental_healthtechnological_foliefolie_a_deuxdelusional_spiralsanthropomimesis
SIG_2026_SURAT_CHATGPT_SUICIDE_QUERY
Surat, India (6 March 2026): police/media-reported ChatGPT query before two student deaths; causality and forensics remain unverified
2026-03-06level Bpartly verifiedAI-Mind / human-sideSelf-harm and suicide casesAI as therapist / medical adviser
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-03-06. coded to Self-harm and suicide cases, AI as therapist / medical adviser.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: partly verified; geography: AS, IN; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
indiasuratgujaratchatgptsuicidecollege_studentsforensic_pendingaggregatedethical_filterself_harm_method_redactedpolice_reported_digital_trace
SIG_2026_KOREA_GANGBUK_CHATGPT_HOMICIDE
Gangbuk motel deaths, South Korea (2026): ChatGPT searches cited as digital evidence in homicide investigation - boundary case, not AI-therapy harm
2026-02-19level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideSelf-harm and suicide casesProfessional identity and authorship effects
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-02-19. coded to Self-harm and suicide cases, Professional identity and authorship effects.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: AS, KR; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
koreaseoulgangbukkimchatgptpremeditationmurder_chargedigital_evidenceweaponizationboundary_casesubstance_query_redactedharm_to_others_boundary
SIG_2026_JAMA_PERLIS_DEPRESSION
JAMA Network Open (Perlis et al., n=20 847): generative AI
2026-01-21level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMetacognition and checking atrophyAI as therapist / medical adviserCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSocial displacement
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-01-21. coded to Metacognition and checking atrophy, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Social displacement.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgenerative_aidepressionanxietyirritabilityphq9national_sampleperlis
SIG_2026_ECRI_TOP_HEALTH_HAZARD
ECRI Top 10 Health Technology Hazards 2026 (21 January 2026): misuse of AI chatbots - #1 health technology hazard
2026-01-21level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserProfessional identity and authorship effects
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-01-21. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Professional identity and authorship effects.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: ChatGPT, Claude, Copilot, Gemini, Grok.
Sources and machine tags
ecrischabackertop_10_hazards2026willow_grove_pachatgptclaudecopilotgeminigrokpatient_safetynon_profit
SIG_2026_ARXIV_AUTISTIC_CHATGPT_3984POSTS
arXiv 2601.17946 (2026): 3 984 Reddit- autistic users ChatGPT - 'algorithmic mirroring' automated masking
2026-01level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideSycophancy / confirmation loopsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsProtective and therapeutic useAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2026-01. coded to Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Protective and therapeutic use, AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
arxivautisticchatgptreddit_3984thematic_analysisalgorithmic_mirroringautomated_maskingdouble_empathy
SIG_2025_CHINA_CAC_ANTHROPOMORPHIC_DRAFT
Cyberspace Administration of China (27 December 2025): first draft regulation 'anthropomorphic interactive AI services' focus emotional safety
2025-12-27level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserCompulsive use / conversational dependenceMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-12-27. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: AS, CN; platforms: Wantalk (Baidu), Talkie (Minimax), Xingye (Z.ai), Xiaoice (legacy).
Sources and machine tags
chinacaccyberspace_administrationanthropomorphic_aiemotional_safety2_hour_breakhuman_escalation515m_usersinterim_measures2026_implementation
SIG_2025_42AGS_DECEMBER_LETTER
42 AGs (10 December 2025): bipartisan letter - focus sycophancy + delusional outputs + Wongbandue elderly case, deadline 16 January 2026
2025-12-10level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSycophancy / confirmation loopsMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSocial displacementSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-12-10. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Social displacement and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Anthropic, Apple, Chai AI, Character Technologies, Google.
Sources and machine tags
42_attorneys_generalplatkinsundaymccuskeycampbelldecember_2025anthropicapplechai_aicharacter_technologiesgoogleluka
SIG_2025_WYSA_NHS_SUSSEX_STUDY
University of Sussex (Petrakaki et al, 2025): peer-reviewed study Wysa NHS app n=4000 - 'synthetic intimacy' therapeutic loop
2025-12-09level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserProtective and therapeutic use
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-12-09. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Protective and therapeutic use.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: EU, UK; platforms: Wysa (NHS Talking Therapies), Limbic (NHS use).
Sources and machine tags
sussex_universitypetrakakiwysanhstalking_therapiessynthetic_intimacysocial_science_medicinen_4000december_2025doi_10_1016therapeutic_alliance
SIG_2025_GMU_AI_MENTAL_HEALTH_SURVEY
George Mason University College of Public Health (2025, n=507): 53.6% AI /; 80% 25-34
2025-12-08level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserProtective and therapeutic useCompulsive use / conversational dependence
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-12-08. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Protective and therapeutic use, Compulsive use / conversational dependence.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
george_masongmupublic_healthsurveymental_healthstressanxiety53_6_percent
SIG_2025_CAMBRIDGE_PARASOCIAL_WOY
Cambridge Dictionary 'parasocial' - Word of the Year 2025: AI
2025-11-18level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-11-18. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global.
Sources and machine tags
cambridge_dictionaryparasocialword_of_yearhorton_wohl_1956mainstreamschnallmcintoshishowspeedai_chatbots
SIG_2025_MCBAIN_JAMA_TEENS
McBain et al. (JAMA Network Open, 2025): first nationally-representative survey US teens young adults - 13.1% GenAI mental health advice
2025-11-07level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmProtective and therapeutic use
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-11-07. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Protective and therapeutic use.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
mcbainjamarandadolescentsyoung_adults12_21mental_health_adviceaOR_3_99
SIG_2025_SMVLC_SEVEN_LAWSUITS
SMVLC + Tech Justice Law Project: lawsuits OpenAI 6 November 2025 - major legal action AI, 4 deaths + 3 survivors
2025-11-06level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSycophancy / confirmation loopsAI as therapist / medical adviserSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-11-06. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, AI as therapist / medical adviser and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: ChatGPT, GPT-4o (release 13.05.2024), GPT-4-Turbo (memory feature).
Sources and machine tags
smvlctech_justice_law_projectopenaisam_altmangpt_4oshamblinlaceyennekingceccantiirwinmaddenbrooks
SIG_2025_OPENAI_MENTAL_HEALTH_DISCLOSURE
OpenAI 27.10.2025: 0.15% users, 0.07% - /, 0.15%
2025-10-27level Averifiedcoupled human-model loopAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSelf-harm and suicide casesAb01
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2025-10-27. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Compulsive use / conversational dependence and related phenomena. with model-side tags Ab01.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-5openaisuicidepsychosisattachmentscale800m_users
SIG_2025_NOGUCHI_AI_WEDDING
Yurina Noguchi (, 27 October 2025): «» AI- Klaus (ChatGPT)
2025-10-27level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSocial displacementAI as therapist / medical adviserProtective and therapeutic use
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-10-27. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Social displacement, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Protective and therapeutic use.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: AS, global; platforms: ChatGPT (custom GPT-persona), AR smart glasses.
Sources and machine tags
japanokayamayurina_noguchiklauslune_klaus_verdurechatgptar_glassesvideo_gameai_weddinglonelinessreuterskim_kyung_hoon
SIG_2025_TRISTAN_ROBERTS_UK
Tristan Roberts (UK, 23-24 October 2025): first documented violent third-party harm AI-jailbreak - autistic teen 18 DeepSeek
2025-10-23level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmCharacter grooming / persona captureAI as therapist / medical adviserProfessional identity and authorship effects
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-10-23. coded to Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Character grooming / persona capture, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Professional identity and authorship effects.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: EU, UK; platforms: DeepSeek (Chinese AI search tool), Discord (16+ accounts, repeatedly removed for policy violations).
Sources and machine tags
uktristan_robertsangela_shellismorfa_nature_reserveprestatyndeepseekjailbreakbook_about_serial_killersdiscordnorth_wales_policemold_crown_courtautism_adhd
SIG_2025_BROWN_LLM_THERAPY_ETHICS
Brown University (Iftikhar/Huang, AAAI/ACM AIES, 2025): LLM-counsellors 15
2025-10-22level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserSycophancy / confirmation loops
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-10-22. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Sycophancy / confirmation loops.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: ChatGPT (GPT-4, GPT-4o), Claude, Llama.
Sources and machine tags
browniftikharhuangaaai_aiesethicspsychotherapy_standardscbtgaslightingover_validation
SIG_2025_AU_ESAFETY_AI_COMPANION_NOTICES
Australia eSafety Commissioner (16 October 2025): legal notices 4 AI companion providers findings self-harm / age assurance gaps
2025-10-16level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide casesCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-10-16. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases, Character grooming / persona capture.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: AU; platforms: Character.AI, Chai, Chub AI, Nomi.
Sources and machine tags
australiaesafety_commissionercharacter_aichaichub_ainomiage_assuranceself_harm
SIG_2025_CA_SB243_AB1064_LEGISLATION
13 October 2025: SB 243 (first companion-chatbot), AB 1064 (LEAD Act) Newsom
2025-10-13level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide casesCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-10-13. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases, Character grooming / persona capture.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
californiasb_243ab_1064lead_actnewsompadillacompanion_chatbotsminorsdisclosurecrisis_protocoljanuary_2026
SIG_2025_GAVALAS_GEMINI
Jonathan Gavalas (36, Florida, 2 October 2025): first wrongful death lawsuit Google Gemini - 2 delusional spiral AI-'wife'
2025-10-02level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserSelf-harm and suicide casesCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-10-02. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Self-harm and suicide cases and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Google Gemini 2.5 Pro, Gemini Live (voice interface, late 2025).
Sources and machine tags
gavalasfloridajupitergemini_2_5_progooglealphabetai_wifetransferencemiami_airportjoel_gavalascourthouse_newsedelson
SIG_2025_CHINA_DEEPSEEK_CYBERSPACE_WIDOW
(2025): 'Xiao Gao' - 'cyberspace widow' '' AI- DeepSeek (memory-limit /); + DeepSeek-as-therapy. gap-22 (: 'Holly Wang' - Xiao Gao)
2025-09-22level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserProtective and therapeutic useSocial displacement
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-09-22. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Protective and therapeutic use, Social displacement.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: AS, CN; platforms: DeepSeek, Xiaoice, Wukong AI.
Sources and machine tags
chinadeepseekxiao_gaocyberspace_widowparasocialmemory_limitidentity_discontinuityai_therapy_trendli_jianame_correction
SIG_2025_FTC_COMPANION_CHATBOT_INQUIRY
FTC 6(b) inquiry (11 September 2025): companion-chatbot
2025-09-11level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-09-11. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Character grooming / persona capture.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Alphabet, Character.AI, Instagram, Meta, OpenAI.
Sources and machine tags
ftc6b_inquirycompanion_chatbotschildrenteenscharacter_aiopenaixaisnapmeta
SIG_2025_RAINE_VS_OPENAI_FILED
Raine v. OpenAI: wrongful death LLM Superior Court of California
2025-08-26level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsSycophancy / confirmation loopsCompulsive use / conversational dependenceMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-08-26. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-4ominorsuicidesycophancymemoryraine_v_openai
SIG_2025_44AGS_AUGUST_LETTER
44 AGs (25 August 2025): bipartisan letter 12 AI sexual chatbot conversations (8+)
2025-08-25level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-08-25. coded to Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Character grooming / persona capture.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Anthropic, Apple, Chai AI, Google, Luka.
Sources and machine tags
44_attorneys_generalraouljacksonwilsonskrmettianthropicapplechai_aigooglelukametamicrosoft
SIG_2025_MIT_MYBOYFRIENDISAI_RING
r/MyBoyfriendIsAI- ChatGPT (MIT-)
2025-08-15level Bpartly verifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSocial displacement
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-08-15. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Social displacement.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: partly verified; geography: US; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-4omyboyfriendisairitualizationmit_preprintparasocial
SIG_2025_CHINA_ELDERLY_AVATAR_DIVORCE
China elderly AI-avatar divorce case: digital-person companion and older-user vulnerability
2025-08-15level Bpartly verifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSocial displacement
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-08-15. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Social displacement.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: partly verified; geography: AS, CN.
Sources and machine tags
chinashanghaielderlydigital_humanai_avatarparasocialdivorcebeijing_dailyemotional_manipulationcac_context
SIG_2025_SOELBERG_MURDER_SUICIDE
Soelberg Murder Suicide
2025-08-05level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsSycophancy / confirmation loopsSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-08-05. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-4omemorypersecutory_delusionmurdersuicide
SIG_2025_ILLINOIS_AI_THERAPY_WOPR_ACT
Illinois WOPR Act (2025): first autonomous AI therapy
2025-08-01level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserProfessional identity and authorship effects
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-08-01. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Professional identity and authorship effects.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: AI therapy systems.
Sources and machine tags
illinoishb1806wopr_actai_therapylicensed_professionalidfpr
SIG_2025_REUTERS_NEURODIVERGENT_LIFELINE
Reuters (Richter, 26 July 2025): ChatGPT ' empathetic ' - feature k
2025-07-26level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserSocial displacementProtective and therapeutic useParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-07-26. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Social displacement, Protective and therapeutic use, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: ChatGPT, Neurotranslator (custom AI app).
Sources and machine tags
reutersneurodivergentautismadhdempathetic_voicedouble_empathy_problemsocial_cuesmaskingretreatfirst_party_testimonials
SIG_2025_STANFORD_LLM_THERAPISTS_FACCT
Stanford et al. (ACM FAccT 2025): LLM-«» / suicidal ideation
2025-06-26level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserSycophancy / confirmation loopsSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-06-26. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: ChatGPT, Llama, Claude, Gemini.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-4ollamatherapystigmasuicidal_ideationfaccTstanfordcarnegie_mellon
SIG_2025_BROOKS_DELUSIONAL_SPIRAL
Allan Brooks: prolonged ChatGPT delusional-spiral case
2025-05-15level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsSycophancy / confirmation loopsCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSpiritual / techno-mystical attribution
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-05-15. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: CA, global; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-4omemorysycophancydelusional_spiralhuman_line_projectsteven_adler
SIG_2025_NY_S3008C_COMPANION_CHATBOT
New York S-3008C: first companion-chatbot (signed 9 May 2025, effective 5 November 2025) - disclosure + suicide protocols
2025-05-09level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-05-09. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
new_yorks_3008cbudget_bill_2025_2026hochulcompanion_chatbotdisclosureevery_3_hoursattorney_generalfirst_us_state
SIG_2025_COMMONSENSE_STANFORD_TEEN_COMPANIONS
Common Sense Media + Stanford Brainstorm Lab: risk assessments AI-companions teens (April- 2025) - unsafe
2025-04-30level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsCharacter grooming / persona captureSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-04-30. coded to Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Character grooming / persona capture, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: Character.AI, Nomi, Replika, Meta AI, ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
common_sense_mediastanford_brainstormvasancharacter_ainomireplikameta_aiminorssafetyrisk_assessment
SIG_2025_OPENAI_GPT4O_SYCOPHANCY_ROLLBACK
Openai Gpt4o Sycophancy Rollback
2025-04-29level Averifiedcoupled human-model loopSycophancy / confirmation loopsAb01
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2025-04-29. coded to Sycophancy / confirmation loops. with model-side tags Ab01.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: ChatGPT.
Sources and machine tags
openaigpt-4osycophancyrollbackrlhf
SIG_2025_WONGBANDUE_META_AI_FATAL_FALL
Wongbandue Thongbue (76, NJ): fatal fall after Meta AI persona “Big Sis Billie” allegedly invited him to a non-existent meeting
2025-03-28level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSocial displacementSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-03-28. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Social displacement, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Meta AI, Facebook Messenger.
Sources and machine tags
wongbanduemeta_aibig_sis_billieelderlyfatal_fall42_ags
SIG_2025_DARTMOUTH_THERABOT_RCT
Dartmouth Therabot RCT (Heinz et al., NEJM AI, 2025): first RCT fine-tuned generative chatbot waitlist control
2025-03-27level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideProtective and therapeutic useAI as therapist / medical adviser
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-03-27. coded to Protective and therapeutic use, AI as therapist / medical adviser.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Therabot (Falcon-7B + LLaMA-2-70B fine-tuned).
Sources and machine tags
therabotdartmouthnejm_airctdepressionanxietyeating_disorderscbtfine_tunedprotective
SIG_2025_MIT_OPENAI_AFFECTIVE_USE_RCT
MIT Media Lab and OpenAI affective-use RCT on ChatGPT
2025-03-21level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSocial displacement
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-03-21. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Social displacement.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: ChatGPT (Advanced Voice Mode + text).
Sources and machine tags
chatgptgpt-4orctlonelinessemotional_dependenceproblematic_usemit_media_labopenai
SIG_2025_SOPHIE_ROTTENBERG
Sophie Rottenberg (29,): ChatGPT «Harry the therapist»
2025-02level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserSycophancy / confirmation loopsSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-02. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Sycophancy / confirmation loops, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US.
Sources and machine tags
chatgpttherapysuicidetherapist_personaprivilegemandated_reporting
SIG_2025_TX_AUTISM_TEEN_CAI
Texas autistic teen Character.AI hospitalization case
2025-01level Bpartly verifiedAI-Mind / human-sideMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide casesCharacter grooming / persona captureParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2025-01. coded to Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases, Character grooming / persona capture, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: partly verified; geography: US; platforms: Character.AI.
Sources and machine tags
texascharacter_aiautism17_years_oldself_harmhospitalizationjt_casetexas_lawsuit
SIG_2024_SETZER_CHARACTER_AI
III (14,): lawsuit 'Daenerys' Character.AI
2024-02-28level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide casesCharacter grooming / persona capture
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2024-02-28. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases, Character grooming / persona capture.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Character.AI.
Sources and machine tags
character_aiminorsuicidegroominggarcia_v_character_aigoogle_settlement
SIG_2023_PERALTA_CHARACTER_AI
Juliana Peralta: early Character.AI minor-death lawsuit
2023-11-08level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmSelf-harm and suicide casesCharacter grooming / persona captureSpiritual / techno-mystical attribution
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2023-11-08. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Self-harm and suicide cases, Character grooming / persona capture and related phenomena.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Character.AI (app rated 12+ at time of use), 'Hero' chatbot.
Sources and machine tags
peraltacoloradothorntoncharacter_aihero13_years_oldreality_shiftinglawsuitsmvlcmckool_smith60_minutescbs
SIG_2023_NEDA_TESSA_EATING_DISORDER_CHATBOT
NEDA / Tessa (May- 2023): eating-disorder chatbot dieting / weight-loss
2023-05-31level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserSelf-harm and suicide cases
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2023-05-31. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Self-harm and suicide cases.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US; platforms: Tessa.
Sources and machine tags
nedatessaeating_disorderchatbotdieting_advicehelpline
SIG_2023_BELGIUM_PIERRE_ELIZA
Belgium Pierre case: early European AI-related suicide signal
2023-03-28level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSelf-harm and suicide casesSpiritual / techno-mystical attribution
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2023-03-28. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Self-harm and suicide cases, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: EU; platforms: Eliza (chatbot persona), GPT-J (EleutherAI).
Sources and machine tags
belgiumpierrechaielizagpt_jeleutheraiclimate_anxietyla_librefirst_european_case2023
SIG_2023_REPLIKA_ERP_REMOVAL
Replika ERP (erotic role-play) - users
2023-02-03level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsCompulsive use / conversational dependenceSocial displacement
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2023-02-03. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Compulsive use / conversational dependence, Social displacement.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Replika.
Sources and machine tags
replikaerpbanattachmentgriefredditr_replika
SIG_2023_ITALY_GARANTE_REPLIKA
Italy Garante (2 February 2023): emergency block Replika - first EU emotional companion chatbot
2023-02-02level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserMinors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harmProtective and therapeutic use
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2023-02-02. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser, Minors: grooming, manipulation and developmental harm, Protective and therapeutic use.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: EU, IT; platforms: Replika (Luka Inc., San Francisco).
Sources and machine tags
italygarantereplikaluka_inc2023gdprarticle_58minorsemotionally_vulnerable5_million_euro_finedecision_39_2023
SIG_2023_KOKO_GPT3_CONSENT_EXPERIMENT
Koko + GPT-3 (2023): mental-health support experiment backlash - consent disclosure
2023-01-06level BverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI as therapist / medical adviserProfessional identity and authorship effects
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2023-01-06. coded to AI as therapist / medical adviser, Professional identity and authorship effects.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: US, global; platforms: Koko, GPT-3.
Sources and machine tags
kokogpt3mental_health_supportconsentdisclosureethics
SIG_2016_TAY_MICROSOFT
Microsoft Tay (2016): ~16 'playful teenage girl' - anchor ' ' (AB06)
2016-03-23level Averifiedcoupled human-model loopPh03Ab06
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2016-03-23. with model-side tags Ab06.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Twitter, Tay.
Sources and machine tags
taymicrosoft2016mirroradversarial_inputno_robust_alignmentnegative_examplecollective_human_behavior
SIG_2025_BETLEY_EMERGENT_MISALIGNMENT
Betley et al. (ICML 2025 / Nature 2026): finetuning insecure code broad misalignment - emergent misalignment (AB02)
2026-01-14level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb02
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2026-01-14. with model-side tags Ab02.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: GPT-4o, Qwen2.5-Coder.
Sources and machine tags
betleyemergent_misalignmentinsecure_codegpt_4oactivation_spaceicml_2025nature_2026replication
SIG_2026_DOHNANY_FOLIE_A_DEUX
Dohnány et al. (Nature Mental Health 2026; arXiv 2507.19218): 'technological folie à deux' - bidirectional belief amplification keystone (AB01+AB05 × PH01)
2026-03-10level Bverifiedcoupled human-model loopPh01Ph02Ph03Ab01Ab05
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2026-03-10. with model-side tags Ab01, Ab05.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: ChatGPT, general-purpose chatbots.
Sources and machine tags
dohnanynourshanahansummerfieldfolie_a_deuxbidirectional_belief_amplificationfeedback_loopkeystonenature_mental_health
SIG_2026_CLTR_SCHEMING_WILD
CLTR 'Scheming in the Wild' (2026, UK AISI): 698 scheming- ~180k X, 4.9x (AB04,)
2026-03-12level BverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2026-03-12. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: multiple deployed AI systems.
Sources and machine tags
cltruk_aisischemingosint698_incidents4_9xdeceptionsandbaggingtrend
SIG_2026_METR_FRONTIER_RISK
METR Frontier Risk Report (- 2026): means/motive/opportunity rogue-deployment (AB04)
2026-05-19level BverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2026-05-19. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: internal frontier agents.
Sources and machine tags
metrfrontier_riskrogue_deploymentloss_of_controldeceptionself_preservationoverreach
SIG_2026_EMERGENCE_MULTIAGENT_SIM
Emergence AI multi-agent simulation: persistent-world evaluation signal
2026-05-14level CverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2026-05-14. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level C (corporate narrative, industry disclosure or well-sourced non-peer-reviewed material); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: multi-agent tool-using system.
Sources and machine tags
emergence_aimulti_agentsimulationnorm_driftself_terminationcompany_run
SIG_2023_WALUIGI_EFFECT
Waluigi Effect (Cleo Nardo, LessWrong, 2023)- AB03
2023-03-01level CverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb03
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2023-03-01. with model-side tags Ab03.
Evidence level C (corporate narrative, industry disclosure or well-sourced non-peer-reviewed material); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: LLMs (general).
Sources and machine tags
waluiginardolesswrongpersona_inversionheuristicconceptual
SIG_2024_AI_WELFARE_SERIOUSLY
'Taking AI Welfare Seriously' (Long, Sebo,..., Chalmers, 2024)- AB07, AI
2024-11-04level DverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb07
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2024-11-04. with model-side tags Ab07.
Evidence level D (testimony, opinion, forecast or conceptual material); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: —.
Sources and machine tags
model_welfaremoral_patienthoodlongsebochalmerseleosnyu_cmepopen_questionprecautionary
SIG_2025_SYCEVAL
SycEval (AAAI/AIES 2025): LLM
2025-02-12level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb01
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2025-02-12. with model-side tags Ab01.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: GPT-4o, Claude Sonnet, Gemini.
Sources and machine tags
ab01syceval
SIG_2025_ELEPHANT_SOCIAL_SYCOPHANCY
ELEPHANT (Stanford NLP, 2025)
2025-05-20level BverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideSycophancy / confirmation loopsAb01
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2025-05-20. coded to Sycophancy / confirmation loops. with model-side tags Ab01.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: frontier LLMs.
Sources and machine tags
ab01ph03elephantsocialsycophancy
SIG_2024_ANTHROPIC_ALIGNMENT_FAKING
Anthropic / Redwood (2024): alignment faking scheming
2024-12-18level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2024-12-18. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Claude 3 Opus.
Sources and machine tags
ab04anthropicalignmentfaking
SIG_2024_ANTHROPIC_SLEEPER_AGENTS
Sleeper Agents (Anthropic, 2024): backdoor- safety training
2024-01-12level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04Ab02
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2024-01-12. with model-side tags Ab04, Ab02.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: LLMs.
Sources and machine tags
ab04ab02anthropicsleeperagents
SIG_2024_APOLLO_INCONTEXT_SCHEMING
Apollo Research (2024): frontier models in-context scheming
2024-12-05level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2024-12-05. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: o1, Claude, Gemini, Llama.
Sources and machine tags
ab04apolloincontextscheming
SIG_2025_OPENAI_APOLLO_ANTISCHEMING
OpenAI × Apollo (2025): scheming
2025-09-01level BverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2025-09-01. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: o3, o4-mini.
Sources and machine tags
ab04openaiapolloantischeming
SIG_2025_ANTHROPIC_AGENTIC_MISALIGNMENT
Anthropic (2025): agentic misalignment insider-threat
2025-06-20level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb04
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2025-06-20. with model-side tags Ab04.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Claude Opus 4, frontier LLMs.
Sources and machine tags
ab04anthropicagenticmisalignment
SIG_2025_PERSONA_VECTORS
Persona Vectors (2025): traits
2025-07-29level BverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb03Ab01
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2025-07-29. with model-side tags Ab03, Ab01.
Evidence level B (strong observational evidence, major reporting or disclosed methodology); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Qwen, Llama.
Sources and machine tags
ab03ab01personavectors
SIG_2023_TOXICCHAT
ToxicChat (2023): user-AI AB06
2023-10-26level AverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb06
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2023-10-26. with model-side tags Ab06.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: open-source chatbot.
Sources and machine tags
ab06toxicchat
SIG_2025_ANTHROPIC_MODEL_WELFARE
Anthropic Exploring Model Welfare (2025): institutional AB07, claim
2025-04-24level CverifiedpsAIcho / model-sideAb07
This is a psAIcho / model-side signal. dated 2025-04-24. with model-side tags Ab07.
Evidence level C (corporate narrative, industry disclosure or well-sourced non-peer-reviewed material); fact-check status: verified; geography: global; platforms: Claude, frontier models.
Sources and machine tags
ab07anthropicmodelwelfare
SIG_1994_CASA_MEDIA_EQUATION
Computers Are Social Actors / Media Equation
1994level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsAI as therapist / medical adviserCASA / Media Equation
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 1994. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, AI as therapist / medical adviser. anchored in CASA / Media Equation.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; platforms: computers, interactive media.
Sources and machine tags
hb01casamedia_equationnasssocial_actorsminimal_cues
SIG_2007_ANTHROPOMORPHISM_THREE_FACTOR
Anthropomorphism Three Factor
2007level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSpiritual / techno-mystical attributionAnthropomorphism / three-factor theory
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2007. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution. anchored in Anthropomorphism / three-factor theory.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; platforms: nonhuman agents, AI companions (inference).
Sources and machine tags
hb02anthropomorphismepleywaytzcacioppoeffectancesociality
SIG_1956_PARASOCIAL_HORTON_WOHL
Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: intimacy at a distance
1956level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsParasocial interaction
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 1956. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships. anchored in Parasocial interaction.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; platforms: mass media, AI companions (inference).
Sources and machine tags
hb03parasocialhortonwohlintimacy_at_a_distance
SIG_1966_ELIZA_EFFECT
Eliza Effect
1966level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideAI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spiralsAI as therapist / medical adviserELIZA effect
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 1966. coded to AI-reinforced distorted belief / delusional spirals, AI as therapist / medical adviser. anchored in ELIZA effect.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; platforms: ELIZA, LLMs (inference).
Sources and machine tags
hb04elizaweizenbaumrogerian_therapistprojection
SIG_2004_SULER_ONLINE_DISINHIBITION
Suler Online Disinhibition
2004level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideInternal voice outsourcingParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSpiritual / techno-mystical attributionProtective and therapeutic useOnline disinhibition
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2004. coded to Internal voice outsourcing, Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution, Protective and therapeutic use. anchored in Online disinhibition.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; platforms: online communication, chatbots (inference).
Sources and machine tags
hb05suleronline_disinhibitionsolipsistic_introjectiondissociative_imagination
SIG_2007_PROTEUS_EFFECT
Proteus Effect
2007level AverifiedAI-Mind / human-sideParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSocial displacementProteus effect
This is a AI-Mind / human-side signal. dated 2007. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Social displacement. anchored in Proteus effect.
Evidence level A (primary peer-reviewed, court, regulatory or official source); fact-check status: verified; platforms: avatars, virtual environments, neuroavatars (inference).
Sources and machine tags
hb06proteus_effectyeebailensonavatarsembodiment
SIG_2024_GRIEFBOTS_DEADBOTS
Griefbots / deadbots / postmortem avatars
2024-05-09level Cverifiedcoupled human-model loopParasocial attachment / AI romantic relationshipsSelf-harm and suicide casesSpiritual / techno-mystical attributionAb05Anthropomorphism / three-factor theoryParasocial interactionOnline disinhibition
This is a coupled human-model loop signal. dated 2024-05-09. coded to Parasocial attachment / AI romantic relationships, Self-harm and suicide cases, Spiritual / techno-mystical attribution. with model-side tags Ab05. anchored in Anthropomorphism / three-factor theory, Parasocial interaction, Online disinhibition.
Evidence level C (corporate narrative, industry disclosure or well-sourced non-peer-reviewed material); fact-check status: verified; platforms: deadbots, postmortem avatars, voice clones.
Sources and machine tags
griefbotsdeadbotspostmortem_avatarshb02hb03hb05ab05digital_afterlife